My primary research focuses on the chemistry of Earth and planetary interiors with a particular emphasis on the role of magma generation and magma and fluid - interaction on the differentiation and chemical evolution of terrestrial planets. I combine experimental techniques and thermodynamical modeling to investigate a range of various processes from magma focusing in the asthenosphere to reactive-cracking in the crust.
Prospective graduate students:
I am currently looking for graduate students to join the MagMaX group in Fall 2025. I hope to hear from prospective students who have strong academic records, research experience and are interested in pursuing experimental petrology and/or geochemistry/modeling research. Please contact me (email is the best way!) to tell me about your background (attach your CV/resume) and what types of projects you would be interested in. That way, I can also update you about the upcoming year funding status for graduate students in my lab (i.e., RA-ship, fellowship, TA-ship). You should then apply directly to the degree program at University of Utah. More information about graduate applications can be found here. I also encourage you and can work with you to apply for the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program. Dealine for applications is usually around mid-October.
Undergraduate Research Opportunities. Students interested in proposing new projects for an independent study or a senior thesis should contact me in advance so it can be coordinated with the UROP program
Postdocs: If you have a great idea for a project and would like to work with me please do send me an email, it is always fun to discuss new project ideas and we can investigate funding options. I also welcome prospective postdocs who want to develop a project for a NSF postdoc fellowship. Full proposal dealine is usually end of October.
Emily and Ashley will present their research at the AGU Chapman Conference on Caldera-Forming Eruptions at Basaltic Volcanoes, in Hilo (Hawai).
Feb 13 2025: "XRF Core Scanning for Basalts: Can We Make Sample Selection Easier?" by Ashley Morris
Feb 11 2025: "BaSIC: a Markov chain Monte Carlo melting model for characterizing basalt source region mineralogy" by Emily Cunningham
Jan-Feb 2025: As another part of my sabbatical I will spend some time at Cardiff University working with Dr Marc-Alban Millet and Dr Johan Lissenberg and learn how to conduct Fe-Zn-Cu isotope analyses on basaltic samples.
8 Jan 2025: PhD defense of Marko Repac, doctoral student at the Faculty of Geosciences and Environment under the direction of Professor Sébastien Pilet and co-direction of Professor Yuri Podladchikov, entitled: Constraining Melt Migration in the Mantle: Implications for the Metasomatism of the lithosphere, the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary, and Ultrapotassic Magma Genesis.
November 2024: I am glad to annouce that I joined the AGC team as one of the handling editors. AGC is a new diamond open access journal. We are accepting submissions of paper starting January 20th, 2025
17 Nov 2024: Congratulations Ashley and Emily who have both been selected to receive a travel grant to attend and present their research at the AGU Chapman Conference on Caldera-Forming Eruptions at Basaltic Volcanoes, in Hilo (Hawai) next February!.
November 2024: Emily IODP Expedition 402 PEA proposal has been funded.
5 Nov 2024: Magma seminar at ISTO, Orleans, France.
21 Oct 2024: Internal seminar at CRPG, Nancy, France.
Fall 2024: As part of my sabbatical, I spent a few months at CRPG, Nancy (France) working with my old friend Dr Lydéric France. We conducted an experimental study on the partitioning behavior of trace elements in alkali magmas as part of the project GECO-REE.
July 2024: New publication with Dr. Lynne Elkins published in Volcanica: Uranium-series disequilibria in MORB, revisited: A systematic numerical approach to partial melting of a heterogeneous mantle.
Sept 30-Oct 6 2024: I attended the 7th Orogenic Lherzolite Meeting in NW Spain around the Cabo Ortegal high-pressure complex.
Sept 22-25 2024: Constance and Autumn are at GSA connects (Anaheim, California) to present their research in the session "T34: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Petrology, and Volcanology Student Session". They have both been offered have both been offered an On to the future travel grant to attend the conference.
August 2024: Autumn and Constance both got their research internship renewed for fall semester, Autum with the Wilkes center , Constance with UROP. Cheers to a busy coming semester!
August 3rd, 2024: New publication led by Dr. Susana Henriquez: We present a compilation of geochemical data to assess how magmatism changed in time and space during the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean: From an accretionary margin to a sediment-rich collision: Spatiotemporal evolution of the magmatism during the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.
August 2024: Dr Chad Ostrander (lead PI), Dr Juan Carlos de Obeso, Dr Diego Fernandez and I (co-PIs) have been awarded a NSF MRI grant to purchase a new multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer for the Department. This new instrument will be a crutial for our respective research program. I'm super excited for the MagMaX Team to use this instrument for non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry!
10-12 Jul 2024: Ana Jimenez Bustos, graduate student in Dr Elkins's group at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, is visiting to work with me on converting Melt-PX in Python.
8 July 2024: Congratulations to Ashley who is one of the recipient of the 2024 AGU Lawrence A. Taylor Grant!!!
4 July 2024: New publication led by PhD Student Ashley Morris on a peculiar garnet-cordierite dacitic unit recovered in post-PETM sediments during IODP Expedition 396: Evidence for Low-pressure Crustal Anatexis During the Northeast Atlantic Break-up.
16-21 June 2024: The MagMaX group was in Akureyri, Iceland for the IODP Exp 396 Postcruise Meeting!
June 2024: GSA has been generous with the MagMaX team this year: two travel grants for Constance and Autumnn to attend GSA Connects 2024 next september, and two graduate research grants to Emily and Ashley to perform analytical work on IODP samples.
June 3rd, 2024: I am happy to announce that I have been awarded tenure and promoted to associate professor, effective July 1st, and will be in sabbatical for the next fiscal year (July 2024- June 2025). Stay tuned...
26 May 2024: Congratulations to Constance who is one of the recipient of the 2024 MSA Petrology grant!!! This is a worldwide competition and there is only one undergrad student awarded per year! Constance's award will be announced in the next issue of the Elements magazine!
15 May 2024: Our group received a NSF INTERN supplement for Ashley to do a summer internship at Veracio during which she will learn about XRF cutting-edge technologies.
10 May 2024: Congratulations to Dr Kevin Mendoza who successfully defended his PhD today!!!
April 2024: I am deeply honored to receive the 2024 Geology and Geophysics Faculty Research Award
April 2024: Congratulations to Emily who has been selected for a 2024-2025 University of Utah Graduate Research Fellowship (GRF)!!. Well done Emily!!
April 2024: Prof. Sverre Planke, co-founder of Volcanic Basin Energy Research (VBER), visited the Geology and Geophysics Department to discuss the results of Expedition 396.
April 3rd, 2024: Autumn was awarded a Wilkes Scholarship to conduct research this summer. She will expand her current research on the cause of excess magmatism during the Northeast Atlantic breakup to the potential consequences this event had on the climate.
April 1st, 2024: Autumn and I received the 2024 Undergraduate Researcher Award and the Undergraduate Research Mentor Award of the College of Mines and Earth Sciences.
March 2024: Emily, Ashley and Autumn all received a Chapman grant to attend the Science Postcruise Meeting for IODP Exp396 this June in Iceland. Constance also received a small grant to purchase supplies for her UROP project. Congratulations to all! The MagMaX team is grateful for the support of the support of the Department and the University.
11-15 Mar. 2024: Richard Gwyn, Master student in Dr Boujibar's group at Western Washington University presented the result of his Master project on the role of oxygen fugacity during Mercury’s Magmatic Evolution
27 Feb 2024: Congratulations to Dr. Asmaa Boujibar who got her NASA-RIA proposal selected for funding. The MagMaXLab will collaborate with Dr Boujibar and her team on this project to characterize Mercury’s surface using machine learning and high pressure experiments.
23 Feb 2024: The College of Science wrote a small article about my involvment as a Faculaty liaison for the ACCESS program at the University of Utah. Thanks David and Seth for the highlight!
9 Feb - 8 Apr 2024: Emily has been selected to sail as an igneous geochemist on the IODP exp#402!!! Follow the expedition on https://twitter.com/TheJR
26 January 2024: Please join me in congratulating Ashley, the recipient of the WAGS and ProQuest award for the Distinguished Master’s Thesis Award in STEM. Ashley's achievements will be recognized at the 66th Annual WAGS Conference during the award ceremony.
19-21 Jan 2024: Richard Gwyn, Master student in Dr Boujibar's group at Western Washington University is visiting to use our electron microprobe to analyse experimental samples. Richard studies the effect of the sulfur on Merury's mantle mineralogical assemblage
Jan 2024: New IDOP Exp 396 publication led by Madeleine Vickers : Glendonites were found throughout the late Paleocene and early Eocene sediments from the IODP Exp. 396 cores, including those deposited during the PETM. Their presence possibly implies episodic, short-duration, and likely localized cooling in the Nordic Seas region during or shortly after the emplacement of the NAIP: Paleocene–Eocene age glendonites from the Mid-Norwegian Margin – indicators of cold snaps in the hothouse?.
11 December 2023: Emily (poster 1292) and Ashley (poster 1288) attended AGU in San Francisco and presented their work in the AGU Session OS11 focused on the IODP Exp. 396: "Volcanic Rifted Margin Formation and Environmental Consequences".
6 December 2023: Congratulations to Constance! Her UROP proposal was selected for funding. She will investigate the adiabatic decompression of a heterogeneous mantle.
Nov 2023: New paper led by Rong Xu in which we use Fe isotope to trace lithological heterogenieties in the source of intracontinental basalts: Iron isotope evidence on continental intraplate basalts for mantle lithosphere imprint on heterogenous asthenospheric melts.
October 2024: Sean Gershaneck joined our team last semester and for their senior study, they will be working on charracterizing the petrography of samples from Hawaii and Utah.
28 September 2023: Ashley won one of the two WAGS & ProQuest Distinguished Master's Thesis Award (STEM Category). Ashley is now a candidate for the national WAGS/ProQuest competition as an official University of Utah nominee.
August 2023: Contance Sauvé joined our team. She's helping Ashley making starting material for high temperature experiments.
August 2023: Emily passed her qualification exam! She is officially a PhD candidate!
21 August 2023: Ancient volcanism drove ancient global warming that marked the end of the Paleocene.
August 2023: The first publication of IODP Exp396 is out!: Shallow-water hydrothermal venting linked to the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.
2-5 August 2023: I participated in the NSF-funded Teaching Petrology Workshop at Smith College in Northampton, MA. During this workshop, we designed new assignments that I will implement in my courses this semester.
19 July: As a Schangler fellow, Emily was invited to give a talk to the U.S. Advisory Committee for Scientific Ocean Drilling (USAC) meeting in New York City.
There was also a nice article earlier this month on Emily in the last iodp newsletter.
By chronological order:
10 July: I presented in session 5f on Monday (5:30-7:30pm, poster hall) .
11-12 July: Emily and Autumn both presented their results in session 2f: Autumn presented her UROP project on the melting conditions during the continental breakup on Tuesday (5:30-7:30pm, poster hall), and Emily presented her new numerical model to predict the mineralogy of the mantle sources on Wednesday at 9:45am (room R4).
13 July:Ashley presented in session 4d on Thursday (5:30-7:30pm, poster hall) and showed that mantle-crust interaction and anatexis can play an important role in continental rifting.
It was great to see so many of our colleagues and old friends and to meet new people.
5 June 2023: MSc Defense: Congratulations to Ashley Morris who successfully defended her Master! Her dissertation focused on the origin of a garnet-cordierite dacitic flow recovered during IODP expedition 396 and the implications for crust-mantle interactions and the PETM.
April 2023: New paper led by Marthe Klöcking in GCA: Community recommendations for geochemical data, services and analytical capabilities in the 21st century.
April 2023: Ashley is on fire!!! She received the GG Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award, the GG Outstanding Master Student Award AND the AWG Outstanding Graduate Student Award this year !!!!.
April 2023: Ashley and Autumn both received a 2023 AWG Student Research Scholarship to attend Goldschmidt 2023.
April 2023: The Proceedings of the IODP Volume 396 is published: Mid-Norwegian Margin Magmatism and Paleoclimate Implications.
March 2023: Congratulations to Autumn! She received both a Barb Nash fund and a diversity in geoscience travel grant from the Geochemical society to attend the Goldschmidt conference 2023 in Lyon, France.
March 2023: Congratulations to Emily! She has been selected for a Williamson fellowship for the academic year 2023-2024.
17 February 2023: Autumn is one of the GG representative at the Utah Conference on Undergraduate Research 2023. She's presenting her UROP project on the melting conditions during the Northeast continental break-up.
15 December 2022: Congratulations to Autumn! Her UROP project was renewed for an additional semester. She will continue to work with Emily on charracterizing the melting conditions during the Northeast continental breakup.
19 October 2022: Congratulations to JR who was granted $1000 from the Barbara Nash Research & Development Fund to perform microprobe analyses for his #UROP project.
September 2022: New paper published in Chemical Geology: First-row transition elements in pyroxenites and peridotites: A promising tool for constraining mantle source mineralogy. This paper is dedicated to Kurt Lawson.
August 2022: New paper led by Adrien Mourey published in EPSL: Trace elements in olivine fingerprint the source of 2018 magmas and shed light on explosive-effusive eruption cycles at Kīlauea Volcano.
Fall 2022: I teach an online and synchronous advanced petrology course for grad students at the University of Utah and at the University of Arizona. This is the second edition of this course and is meant to promote collaboration and research between the two institutions among students interested in magmatic processes.
August 2022: New paper published led by Juliette Pin in Chemical Geology: Thermodynamic modeling of melt addition to peridotite: implications for the refertilization of the non-cratonic continental mantle lithosphere.
August 2022: Welcome to Kurt and JR! Kurt is a new Master student who will work on magma transport. JR is a senior undergrad who will work on magma storage and mixing in Hawaii.
August 2022: my IODP Expedition 396 PEA proposal has been funded. It will serve in performing in situ major, trace and isotope analyses on phenocrysts from the basaltic rock collected during the expedition.
July 2022:
Co-chair of Theme #2: Deep Earth
Tuesday, 12 July at at 15:30 HST: Invited presentation with Otto Lang in session 4i
Keynote speaker and panelist for the workshop: Earth Science meets Data Science
June 2022: New paper published in Chemical Geology on the Compositional variability of San Carlos olivine.
Emily and I received the 2022 G&G Outstanding Teaching award!!!! This means a lot to us because those are nominated by students.
21-29 April 2022: The scientific party of IODP Exp396 will meet at the MARUM IODP repository (Bremen) to collect and distribute samples for future research.
March 2022: The Expedition 396 Preliminary Report is out!
Emily is the 2022 CMES Outstanding Teaching Assistant winner!!!!
March 2022: New paper published in GCA with Rong Xu on the origin of the decoupled Sr-Nd/Zn isotopic signature in continental basalts.
29 Mar 2022: Seismo seminar at UC Berkeley.
Emily's application for a Schlanger Graduate Student Fellowship has been selected for funding!! Emily will work on the samples we collected during IODP expedition 396 last summer.
10 Feb 2022: Department seminar at the University of Arizona.
January 2022: Ashley spent a week at College Station to scan the hard rock cores collected during IODP expedition #396.
October 2021: Emily and I participated to the second edition of the International School on Mantle dynamics MEREMA II. Emily received a Chapman Grant for the G&G department to participate to this school.
Aug-Oct 2021: I sailed as a Petrologist on the IODP exp#396
@THEU: U geoscientist sails on Arctic research cruise
19 July 2021: How 3-D modeling helped U geologists teach during COVID-19.
July 2021: 2nd Virtual Edition.
Co-chair of session 2e.
Presentation with Otto Lang on the behavior of FRTEs in natural mantle lithologies.
Co-author presentation with Juliette Pin, Lyderic France and Laurie Reisberg.
7-10 June 2021: Emily and I participated in the "Extensional Processes Across Tectonic Settings and Time Scales" workshop sponsored by NSF GeoPRIMS. I led the Q&A session "Rifts, Ridges, and the Mantle" on Thursday.
2 & 3 June 2021: ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar.
13 May 2021: MSc Defense: Otto Lang presented his work on the behavior of First Row Transitions Elements (FRTEs) in natural mantle lithologies (peridotites & pyroxenites)
ACCESS Program: Check out Helen Lindsey's project! Helen is a freshman student and an ACCESS fellow. This spring, Helen worked on xenoliths from Cabo Verde
4 May 2021: Guest speaker for the Geologists of Jackson Hole
5 March 2021: SUNY Geneseo, NY.
December 2020: I have been awarded a teaching grant from the University of Utah to expand the online petrology resources we started to create this summer to include thin sections and microprobe analyses.
25 September 2020: University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
June 2020: New paper published in Earth Science Review with Rong Xu and Yongsheng Liu on the nature of the mantle source of the Emeishan large igneous province.
June 2020: 1st Virtual Edition
6/23 - Keynote speaker in session 3a
6/24 - Poster presentation with Sarah Hamilton
6/24 - Co-chair of session 3g
June 2020: I have been awarded a ASC PRF DNI grant to study the behavior of immiscible fluids in porous media.
March 2020: I have been awarded an NSF EAR grant to study magma migration in the mantle. More information here.
20 January 2020: Our AGU book chapter, with Ananya Mallik & Emily Chin, has been accepted for publication: a fun and productive collaboration between early-career women faculty! The preprint can be downloaded here.
29-31 January: I was invited to participate to the Ph.D. Hooding Ceremony at Blaise Pascal University. I will also present my research at the Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans. After 8 years, I'm glad I finally have the opportunity to come back to the lab I did my PhD in!
9 December 2019: The MagMaX Lab gets busier! Elliot Gray has been selected as an UROP Scholar. He will join the MagMaX Lab next semester to study the origin of differentiated Hawaiian xenoliths. Sarah Hamilton also had her UROP project renewed.
November 2019: Otto has obtained both a Chapman fund award ($1200) and a GSTAA award ($500) to participate to the MEREMA II graduate school in Italy.
18 November 2019: Sarah received the Wasatch Gem Society Scholarship.
18 November 2019: Otto has been accepted to the 2020 SIMS Workshop to be held at Arizona State University on Jan 6-8.
9 December 2019: Invited talk in the session V030: “Centimeter-scale isotopic heterogeneity preserved in the lower oceanic crust”.
November 1st: University of Iowa.
September 2019: Follow us on @MineralCup and vote daily for your favorite mineral.
September 2019: Sarah has obtained two small grants for a total of $400 to purchase lab supplies. Congratulation Sarah!
18-23 July 2019:
Giulio Borghini and I co-chaired session 06a
Keynote: Andreas Stracke / Invited speakers: Lynne Elkins and Ananya Mallik.
I also presented my recent research published in Nature Geoscience, in session 02c.
18 July 2019: “a whole ocean-sized range of chemistry in samples totaling about the size of a grain of rice”. Our article is featured in EGU blog.
20 May 2019: How Earth's mantle is like a Jackson Pollock painting - UNEWS
20 May 2019: Our paper on mantle heterogeneity and melt transport was published today in Nature Geoscience. One sentence summary: highly heterogeneous melts are delivered to the oceanic crust!
I'm very glad to announce that Otto Lang, who will graduate from Fort Lewis College this summer, will join our team next fall for a Master program in the G & G department. He will work on melt circulation in the mantle and the lower crust.
I was selected for the Research Incentive Seed Grant Program by the College of Mine and Earth Sciences. This grant will provide one full year of RA-ship for a future graduate student.
Will presented his research and represented the G&G department at the UCUR 2019 at Weber State University. Well Done!
I collaborated in an invited review on the effect of pyroxenite and melt transport on the U-series disequilibrium. The article is now published in Lithos
Will got his UROP Project renewed and will present his research at both UCUR and NCUR conferences. Well done Will!
Tuesday at 2:45pm, I will reveal the true nature of the depleted mantle. Join me in session V23A - room Liberty M. - abstract.
October 16th: Utah Valley University.
October 18th: Brigham Young University
New paper accepted in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.
New paper published in Energy Procedia.
William Haddick has been selected to be part of the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program UROP Fall 2018! Great job!
Want to know more about the U-series in basalts? Lynne Elkins will talk about the good, the bad and the ugly of using U-series disequilibria as tracers for mantle lithological heterogeneities. Friday August 17, Session 4i.
William Haddick, senior undergrad in the Geology and Geophysics department, will join me this fall for a senior thesis on magma-rock interaction and oceanic crust accretion.
22-26 July 2018: I will be attending the workshop "Early Career Geoscience Faculty: Teaching, Research, and Managing Your Career" at University of Maryland, College Park, MD
I’m thrilled to annonce that I just joined the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Utah as an Assistant Professor in Igneous Processes.
In summer and fall 2017, I worked at V.U. Amsterdam with Janne Koornneef to perform high spatial resolution isotopic analyses on lower crust cumulate rocks.
During summer 2017, Matthew Cook performed element maps on oceanic cumulate rocks to characterise the compositional diversity of the oceanic rock for his CUROP project. He successfully presented his work last month.
Invited talk in the session 05a: "MORB Petrogenesis: From Mantle Partial Melting to Fractional Crystallization"
New paper published in Geochemical Perspectives Letters.
Second year of funding for my NSF project has been approved!
MARUM Bremen, May 14th to 19th: collecting samples from the Atlantis Massif (IODP 304/305)
Bristol, April 3rd and 4th, GGRiP Meeting 2017
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA - February 23rd, 2017
CRPG, Nancy, France - February 6th, 2017
I'm excited to announce that I just started (January 2017) a new position as a COFUND fellow in the School of Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University. I will use a combination of experimental and analytical techniques to reconstruct the evolution of the oceanic crust.
My latest article featured in the Editors' Highlight of Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth. And also in the Research Spolight of EOS.
Sept. 19th, 2016: Invited research presentation at the Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, University Of Nevada, Reno
I just got confirmation from NSF: My project on the effect of the melting regime for quantifying the mantle heterogeneities has been funded!
New paper accepted in Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth
Information on how to use Melt-PX can be found here
The mid-Norwegian Margin is the most intensively studied volcanic rifted margin in the world, yet the dynamics that produced excess magmatism in the region are not well constrained. One of the primary goals of recent IODP Expedition 396 was to test three end-member processes that could explain excess magmatism during continental breakup: presence of a mantle plume (#1), edge-driven convection (# 2), or a fertile and enriched source (#3). Additionally, the expedition aimed to better constrain the timing and process of the destruction of the continental crust. PhD Candidate Emily Cunningham is currently inverstigating the nature of the mantle source using a modified version of Melt-PX to simulate active upwelling as well as a new approach based on FRTE ratios developped by Lang and Lambart, 2022 to constrain the mineralogy of the mantle source. PhD student Ashley Morris just finished her Master project on a peculiar dacitic unit recovered in early Eocene sediments that prove that continental crust was still present in the NorthEast Atlantic after the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal maximum (PETM). The PETM is of particular interest for the scientific community as it represents the best analog for present global warming.
Flow and transport in porous media have many applications in geoscience and energy science. Examples include magma migration through the Earth’s mantle and crust, CO2 storage in geological sub-surface formations, secondary oil migration, planetary differentiation. High-temperature experiments have a unique advantage that they can be quenched and the experimental products can be characterized with high-resolution imaging (microtomography and SEM) and analytical (microprobe, LA-ICP-MS) techniques.
One aspect of this project, funded by NSF, is to simulate the migration of magmas through the mantle and better quantify the impact of their migration on the chemical and physical characteristics of magmas. The second aspect of this project, funded by an ASC DNI grant, will be to characterize the 3D fluid distribution at the pore-scale of two immiscible fluids in porous media.
MORB, having formed by mantle melting, retain many characteristics of their mantle source. Hence, MORB has traditionally been the primary tool to map geochemical variations and melting processes of the upper mantle. However, although the mantle has long been established to be compositionally heterogeneous, MORB display relatively homogeneous compositions. This has been suggested to be the result of magma mixing during their travel from the mantle source to the surface. Oceanic cumulates are believed to be the first crystallization products of MORB once they enter the crust. Hence, they record the full compositional range of melt compositions delivered to the crust. The high spatial resolution isotopic analyses of the primitive cumulate minerals reveal that a significant part of the mantle heterogeneity is hidden in MORB with a factor seven between the heterogeneity record in cumulate minerals and the heterogeneity observed in the MORB. The results of this study are published in Nature geoscience. Furthermore, the compositions of the cumulates record the crustal evolution of MORB, and hence offer the opportunity to reconstruct the processes that control the MORB trace element evolution.
Thanks to numerous experimental studies, parameterizations are available to model the melting behavior of peridotite and pyroxenite compositions that are thought to be present in the mantle.
Based on these parameterizations, numerous studies have attempted to estimate the proportion of pyroxenites in magmatic sources. However, while these parameterizations are mostly based on batch melting experiments, oceanic basalts are likely to be formed by near fractional melting rather than batch melting.
My preliminary calculations show that using a batch melting regime instead of a continuous regime might yield to a significant underestimation of the amount of recycled material in the mantle. A higher proportion of the recylcled material in the mantle has important geodynamical implications in terms of mantle composition and temperature. I'm conducting incremental melting experiments to simulate a continuous melting regime of pyroxenite. Because melt extraction during generation of MORB and OIB is likely to occur via continuous melting rather than batch melting, these new calibrations will allow me to better quantify the proportion of recycled material in the mantle source of the most abundant magmas on Earth.
I recently been funded by NSF to pursue this project and I have been invited to present preliminary results at the Goldschmidt conference 2017 - session 5a, in Paris.
A variety of data requires that the mantle source for basaltic magmatism is heterogeneous. Models of the melting of such mixtures require knowledge of the relationships between melt fraction, temperature, pressure, and bulk composition for both peridotites and pyroxenites. While various parameterizations are available to model the melting behavior of peridotites, none yet exist to model pyroxenite melting.
I used experimental data from the literature to build an empiric model, Melt-PX, that, while remaining mathematically simple, succeeds in capturing the important features of the behavior of pyroxenites melting. Coupled with a parameterization on peridotite [1], my work permits calculations of how multilithologic mantle sources melt during adiabatic decompression, including the effects of varying the composition and the modal proportion of pyroxenite in such source regions. One major result of this study has been to show that a significant portion of mantle pyroxenites can start to melt after the peridotite along an adiabatic path.
The final model: Melt-PX, is published in Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, and can be downloaded here. This study has been featured in AGU Editor's Highlights in EOS Research Spotlight.
A previous version of the model has also been used by Shorttle et al. (2014) to determine the proportion of recycled basalt in the magma source of Iceland. The exact nature of the mantle heterogeneity beneath Iceland is discussed in a paper published in Geochemical Perspectives Letters.
[1] Katz et al. (2003), G3 4(9)
The observation that anthropogenic CO2 can influence global warming has focused attention on carbon capture and storage. One proposed option for carbon sequestration is to increase the natural process that consists in the conversion of CO2 gas to stable, solid carbonate minerals in peridotites that have been tectonically exposed. Kelemen and coworker propose that peridotites may be able to capture and store billions of tons of CO2 per year and have initiated the Oman Drilling Project. This could make a significant difference in the overall CO2 budget of the planet until alternative energy sources replace global fossil fuel use. But this option needs the development of new engineered methods emulating the natural process (reactive cracking) to create dense fracture networks. More information about ongoing research on “in situ” carbon mineralization in ultramafic rocks can be found here.
We performed experiments to understand the effect of the confining pressure on the pressure of crystallization and on the reactive-cracking processes. We show that reactive cracking can occur at depths > 1km, i.e depths relevant for in situ carbon storage and geothermal energy. This study is now published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.
Several aspects of MORB compositions, including variations in abundance of highly incompatible elements and in radiogenic-isotope ratio cannot easily be explained with a homogeneous source. In order to understand the role of these lithologies for MORB petrogenesis, experiments are necessary. Nevertheless, there are few studies on this rock-type at pressures shallower than 2 GPa and no work was devoted to the influence of this rocks-type in the major element composition of MORB.
My PhD work was devoted to experimental determination partial melting behavior of three natural pyroxenites between 1 and 2.5 GPa. To analyze the composition of liquids in equilibrium with mineral phases, I used the "microdike" technique developed by Didier Laporte, which consists of extracting small volumes of liquid into fractures of the graphite container that formed during experiments.
For the range of temperatures beneath mid-ocean ridge, compositions of melts from most of pyroxenites are close melt from peridotite. On the contrary, liquids from peridotite and pyroxenites would have contrasted isotopic and trace element signatures. This could explain why MORBs are rather homogeneous in terms of major elements but heterogeneous in terms of isotope and trace elements.
Otherwise, some pyroxenites yield melts with a distinct signature, such as a low-SiO2 content and/or a high FeO content, two features usually ascribed to a high average pressure of melting. Thus, MORB with high FeO and low SiO2 contents may reflect the participation of a pyroxenite component in their source rather than a higher pressure of melting.
Hence the classical criteria used to select primitive mantle-derived magmas (e.g., MORB glasses with Mg# ≥67) or to track down enriched mantle sources (MORB glasses with high incompatible element contents) must be considered with caution, otherwise melts carrying a pyroxenite signature may be eliminated.
This work has been published in 2009 in Earth and Planetary Sciences Letter. I also presented these results during the American Geophysical Union in December 2008. I have been also invited by Lithos to write a review article on the role of pyroxenites in the major-element compositions of oceanic basalts.
Interactions between pyroxenites and/or pyroxenite-derived melts and the surrounding peridotites might have a significant role on melt extraction dynamics and, ultimately, on the preservation of a pyroxenite signature in aggregated melts erupted at the Earth's surface. Here, we try to evaluate the fate of melts from pyroxenitic sources during their transport through the peridotite mantle as functions of their composition, P-T conditions and the physical state (subsolidus vs. partially molten) of surrounding mantle. In order to model these interactions, we use a simplified model of interaction, where peridotite is impregnated by a finite amount of pyroxenite-derived liquid modelled with pMELTS. Concurrently, we perform impregnation experiments in a piston-cylinder apparatus to test the validity of the calculations.
Results show that Cpx is systematically produced whereas the Ol and Opx behaviors depend on incoming melt silica activity: if it is lower than the silica activity of a melt saturated in Ol and Opx at the same pressure P and temperatureT,Opx is dissolved and Ol precipitates, and conversely. This has strong implications on the ability of pyroxenite-derived melts to migrate through the mantle. Indeed, Opx dissolution and Ol precipitation facilitates the transport of melt in the system by increasing the porosity and permeability of mantle rocks. Inversely, Opx crystallisation at the expense of Ol may slow down or even stop magma ascent by porous flow. Moreover, the ability of melts to migrate also depends on the melting degree of surrounding peridotite: the reaction with a subsolidus mantle results in a strong melt consumption resulting to a drastic decrease of the system permeability. On the contrary, melt migration to the surface should be possible if the surrounding mantle is partially melted. We illustrate these results in a model for MORB genesis taking into account the implications of melt-peridotite interactions for melt transport and mantle lithological diversity, and the role of pyroxenites for magma genesis at MORs.
This work has been published in 2012 in Journal of Petrology.
The transport of basaltic melts beneath oceanic spreading centers occurs predominantly in high porosity dunitic channels, resulting from the complete dissolution of pyroxenes in peridotites mantle [1].
The formation of dunitic assemblages is due to magma focusing that is, to the circulation of important melt volumes in these channels. Many experiments were run in a piston-cylinder apparatus to simulate magma focusing processes beneath oceanic spreading centers, and to study the reaction between peridotites and basalt, as function of pressure and magma/rock ratio. Then, results were compared with pMELTS predictions.
We proposed a primitive MORBs formation model, implying: 1) partial melting of lherzolitic mantle at depth, 2) magma focusing involving the formation of dunitic channels and liquids evolution toward primitive MORBs composition by interaction with surrounding dunites, 3) destabilization of high-porosity channels to form dykes is possible at high degrees of melting. Thus, our study confirmed the necessity of dunites formation beneath the oceanic ridges and strengthens the hypothesis that high-porosity channels constitute the main mean of magma transport at oceanic spreading centers.
This work is the basis of my research project. It is focused on the genesis of oceanic basalts and combines the experimental data with numerical modeling. It has been published in 2009 in Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. I also presented these results during the European Geophysical Union in April 2007.
[1] Kelemen et al. (1995), Nature 375:747-753
It has been recently shown that the compositional diversity of lavas collected during the second phase of the drilling project (HDSP-2) varies with depth and that samples from the deepest part of the core have the highest variability [1].
In 2013 I supervised Valérie Payré, a first year graduate student from the ENS (École Normale Supérieure, Paris - France) to work on samples collected in this deepest part (3098-3506 mbsl) recovered during Phase-2 (2003-2007) of the HSDP-2 project [2] in order to better constrain the origin of the compositional variability of these lavas.
She conducted the petrographic and geochemical study of glasses using an electron microprobe and thermodynamic modeling using MELTS software [3] in order to determine the conditions of formation of these lavas (pressure of fractionation, water content, oxygen fugacity).
All degassed samples follow a fractionation trend at 5-10 bars. Most of the undegassed (and partially degassed high-SiO2) glasses can be reproduced by simultaneous depressurization and cooling (i.e. from 70 to 25 bars – ΔT = 20°C).
Surprisingly, the results also reveal the presence of degassed samples in deep part of the drill. The preferred model to explain this observation is mixing of a relatively volatile-rich, undegassed component with magmas that experienced low pressure degassing (in the conduit or at shallow depth) during which substantial volatile amounts were lost, as previously suggested by Dixon et al. [3]. To confirm this assumption, water and carbon dioxide analyzes have to be performed on these samples.
[1] Rhodes et al. (2012), G3 13(3); [2] Stolper et al. (2009), Scientific Drilling 7:4-14; [3] Ghiorso & Sack (1995), CMP 119:197-212; Dixon et al. (1991)
Dr Sarah Lambart
Geology and Geophysics, Frederick Albert Sutton Building
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Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0102
